A formal framework for clock-free networks of cells

An important direction in the research of P systems is paving the way to modelling real-world biological structures. Clock-free P systems represent an attempt at bringing the P formalism closer to biological origins by eliminating global synchronization, the global clock. The goal of this paper is to provide a formalization of clock-free P systems starting from the formal concept of a network of cells. This approach makes it possible to show that clock-free systems can be simulated with the usual networks of cells.