9 种近海鱼重金属污染状况及食用安全性评价

为探究近海鱼重金属污染状况及其食用健康风险，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法、液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法和原子荧光光谱法对蓝圆鲹、蓝点马鲛等9 种近海鱼的头、尾、皮、骨、鱼肉和内脏中铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、总砷（As）、无机砷和总汞（Hg）的含量进行测定，并采用污染指数法和目标危害系数法等方法进行评价。结果表明：54 组样品中有9 组Cr含量超过国家标准（GB 2762—2017《食品中污染物限量》），超标率16.67%；7 组样品Cd含量超标，超标率12.96%；2 组样品Pb含量超标，超标率3.70%；无机As、总Hg含量均未超标。分析近海鱼不同部位重金属含量，54 组样品中有7 组鱼内脏重金属含量超标，超标率12.96%；鱼头、鱼尾各有3 组重金属含量超标，超标率5.56%；鱼肉中重金属含量均未超标。单因子污染评价结果显示，Cr污染最为严重，Cd次之，之后是Pb。无机As及总Hg相对污染指数最低。综合污染指数评价显示，沙丁鱼内脏最高，达到3.877，处于重度污染级别。蓝圆鲹、蓝点马鲛、鲭鱼和金线鱼的内脏的综合污染指数属于中度污染级别。所有鱼肉组织的单一和多种重金属复合风险系数均小于1。由此可见，近海鱼中内脏重金属污染较严重，但鱼肉食用均安全。本研究将为近海鱼类的日常食用及其下脚料综合开发提供安全指导。

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution Status and Food Safety of Nine Offshore Fish Species

The study aimed to investigate the status of heavy metal pollution of offshore fish and the health risk of heavy metals through consumption of offshore fish. The concentrations of plumbum (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), total arsenic (As), inorganic As and total mercury (Hg) were determined in 6 tissues (head, tail, skin, bones, flesh and viscera) from 9 offshore fish species such as Decapterus macrosoma and Scomberomorus niphonius using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LC-AFS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). The heavy metal pollution status of the 9 offshore fish species was estimated by calculating the pollution index and the target hazard coefficient index. The results showed that in 9 (16.67%) of the 54 groups of fish tissue samples, Cr levels exceeded the national standard limit (GB 2762-2017). In 7 (12.96%) of these groups, Cd levels exceeded the national standard limit. In 2 (3.70%) of these groups, Pb levels exceeded the national standard limit. In all groups, the concentrations of inorganic As and total Hg were lower than the national standard limits. For 7 (12.96%) of the 54 groups, heavy metal levels in fish viscera exceeded the national standard limit. For 3 (5.56%) of these groups, heavy metal levels in fish head and tail exceeded the national standard limit. Heavy metal levels in fish flesh did not exceed the standard limit for any of the groups. The single factor pollution index showed that the most serious pollution status occurred in Cr, followed in sequence by Cd and Pb, and the pollution levels of inorganic As and total Hg were the lowest. The highest comprehensive pollution index (3.877) was seen for the viscera of Sardina pilchardus suggesting a serious pollution level. The comprehensive pollution index for the viscera of D. macrosoma, S. niphonius, Pneumatophorus japonicus and Nemipterus virgatus was at the medium pollution level. The health risk indexes of single and multiple heavy metals in fish flesh from the 9 species were all less than 1, indicating that the heavy metal pollution in the viscera of offshore fish is more serious, but the fish flesh can be consumed safely. The results of this study will guide daily consumption of offshore fish and comprehensive development of by-products.