Incorporation of non-native species in the diets of cisco (Coregonus artedi) from eastern Lake Ontario |
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| Authors: | Alexander J. Gatch Brian C. Weidel Dimitry Gorsky Brian P. O'Malley Michael J. Connerton Jeremy P. Holden Kristen T. Holeck Jessica A. Goretzke Curt Karboski |
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| Affiliation: | 1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lower Great Lakes Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 1101 Casey Road, Basom, NY 14013, United States;2. U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, 17 Lake St, Oswego, NY 13126, United States;3. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Lake Ontario Unit, 541 Broadway St., Cape Vincent, NY 13618, United States;4. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Lake Ontario Management Unit, Picton, Ontario, Canada;5. Cornell University, Cornell Biological Field Station at Shackleton Point, 900 Shackelton Point Rd, Bridgeport, NY 13030, United States;1. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;2. Carleton University, Carleton Technology and Training Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;3. Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;4. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marquette Biological Station, 3090 Wright Street, Marquette, MI 49855, USA;5. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sea Lamprey Control Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste., Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada;6. U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Hammond Bay Biological Station, 11188 Ray Road, Millersburg, MI 49759, USA;1. Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, 116 Barrie St., Queen’s University, Kingston K7L 3J9, Ontario, Canada;2. St. Lawrence River Institute of Environmental Sciences, 2 St. Lawrence Drive, Cornwall K6H 4Z1, Ontario, Canada;1. U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, 1451 Green Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;2. Department of Environmental Science, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA;3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA;4. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;1. Center for Freshwater Research and Education, Lake Superior State University, 650 W. Easterday Ave., Sault Sainte Marie, MI 49783, United States;2. Fisheries Division, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 1732 M-32 West, Gaylord, MI 49735, United States;3. U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, 1451 Green Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States;1. Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;2. Grand Valley State University, Allendale Charter Township, MI 49401, USA;3. Cherokee Nation Businesses at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI USA;4. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA;1. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, 2200 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;2. U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Hammond Bay Biological Station, 11188 Ray Road, Millersburg, MI 49759, USA |
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| Abstract: | Cisco Coregonus artedi was once an important native fish in Lake Ontario; however, after multiple population crashes, the cisco stock has yet to recover to historic abundances. Rehabilitation of cisco in Lake Ontario is a fish community management objective, but the extent to which recent non-native species and pelagic food web changes have influenced cisco is not well understood. We described cisco diets in contemporary Lake Ontario following the addition and spread of non-native zooplankton species. We collected 618 cisco and processed 178 for full diet analysis in eastern Lake Ontario using mid-water trawls and bottom-set gill nets from 2016 to 2020. We found that Lake Ontario cisco were mostly zooplanktivorous, and non-native zooplankton dominated their diet during July and September. Cisco smaller than 300 mm had a more diverse diet including both native and non-native zooplankton, while cisco larger than 300 mm fed almost exclusively on non-native predatory cladocerans Bythotrephes longimanus and Cercopagis pengoi (98.9% consumed prey dry mass). We also found fish eggs, presumed to be of coregonine origin in 75% of non-empty December-collected cisco diets, suggesting eggs subsidize cisco diets when available. Juvenile round goby Neogobius melanostomus, alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax were found in 2% of all analyzed non-empty stomachs. Lake Ontario cisco diet appears to be more similar to zooplanktivorous Lake Superior cisco than Lake Michigan where piscivory is prevalent. Lake Ontario cisco diets reflected zooplankton community changes indicating that non-native predatory cladocerans are now an important energy source supporting this native species. |
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| Keywords: | Zooplanktivorous Piscivory Coregonine Invasive species Native species Great Lakes |
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