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Direct contact ultrasound assisted freezing of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus): Growth and size distribution of ice crystals
Affiliation:1. State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China;2. School of Public Health, International Institute of Agri-Food Security, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia;3. Haitong Food Group Company, Zhejiang, Cixi 315300, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu, China;2. School of Health Sciences, Federation University Australia, VIC 3353, Australia;1. State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China;2. School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, City Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia;1. College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;2. UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;3. Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China;2. School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China;3. School of Health Sciences, University of Ballarat, Mount Helen, Victoria 3353, Australia;1. Agro-industrial Process Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus Universitario del Puente del Común, km 7 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia;2. Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña (UPC), C/Esteve Terradas, 8, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
Abstract:To reduce the size of ice crystals in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) contact ultrasound (300 W, 20 kHz) was applied during freezing and frozen storage. Stereomicroscopy was used to observe the ice crystal morphology, and DSC and NMR spectroscopy were performed to evaluate the water states in the samples. Results indicated that ultrasound irradiation initiated the nucleation of ice and reduced the mean size of ice crystals during freezing and frozen storage, and therefore improved the frozen product quality compared to the control samples. Most of the ice crystals in the ultrasound assisted frozen (UAF) samples were in the size range of 0–80 microns while that for the control samples were in the size range of 50–180 microns. SEM photos also proved that due to the application of ultrasound, the sizes of the ice crystals was reduced. This micro-scale information on the documentation of ice crystals will assist in understanding the ice crystal growth phenomena in an ultrasound assisted freezing process.
Keywords:Ultrasound irradiation  Ice crystal size distribution  SEM  DSC  NMR  Irradiation par ultrasons  Repartition de la taille des cristaux de glace  Agaricus bisporus  Microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB)  Calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (CDB)  Résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN)
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