Co-occurrence and evaluation of mycotoxins in organic and conventional rye grain and products |
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| Affiliation: | 1. REQUIMTE/Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;2. CBQF/Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;3. CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental and ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal;4. ACC/A. Coelho & Castro Lda., Praça Luís de Camões, 15 R/C, 4490-441 Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal;5. REQUIMTE/DGAOT, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 7, Vairão, 4486-661 Vila do Conde, Portugal;1. A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia;2. Russian Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, Simpheropolsky Boulevard 8, 113149 Moscow, Russia;1. College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China;2. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China;3. Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China |
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| Abstract: | A study on the co-occurrence of Fusarium toxins in conventional and organic grain and derived products was carried out. A total of 117 samples were collected during the period 2009–2012. Eight mycotoxins were determined using the LC-MS/MS method. Among the investigated mycotoxins, four were of major importance: DON, ZEN, T-2 and HT-2. DON was present at the highest concentration in both the agricultural systems, with its maximum level of 254 ± 23 μg kg−1 being present in conventional rye grain. The co-occurrence of two or more mycotoxins was observed in more than 50% of samples, with the most frequent combination being DON + ZEN. The correlation between the concentrations of T-2 and HT-2, DON and ZEN, as well as T-2 and ZEN was confirmed statistically. The concentration of DON, HT-2 and T-2 was significantly higher in conventional products. Also the higher level of ZEN in organic grain in comparison to derived products was significant. None of the samples contained DAS, while NlV, MAS and 3ADON concentrations were close to the detection limits. |
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| Keywords: | Mycotoxins Rye Organic and conventional farming |
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