Multimycotoxin analysis of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Garten) from Ethiopia |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Hawassa University, College of Agriculture, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia;2. Haramaya University, P.O. Box 241, Haramaya, Ethiopia;3. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria;4. Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy;1. Laboratory of Biochemistry, Unity of Mycotoxicology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Mohamed Karoui, 4002, Sousse, Tunisia;2. Food Technology Departement, University of Lleida, XaRTA-UTPV, Agrotecnico Center, Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain;1. Food Science and Nutrition Researcher, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;2. Agricultural Chemistry Researcher, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;1. Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Wuhan, PR China;2. Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China;3. Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China;4. Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China;5. Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, PR China;1. Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;2. Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, BE-9000, Ghent, Belgium;1. Food and Agricultural Dept, Ghana Standards Authority, Box MB 245, Accra, Ghana;2. Biochemistry and Biotechnology Dept, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana;3. Food Science and Technology Dept, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana |
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| Abstract: | The natural contamination of sorghum and finger millet by toxigenic fungi and associated mycotoxins has been studied. All the tested sorghum and finger millet samples were found to be contaminated by Fusarium and Aspergillus species. Sorghum was considerably more likely to be contaminated by both genera than finger millet. Penicillium, Alternaria, Rhizopus and Epicoccum species were also present in both grains albeit at lower frequencies. Multimycotoxin analysis using LC–MS/MS revealed the contamination of sorghum and finger millet by 84 and 62 metabolites, respectively. The prevalence of major mycotoxins was lower than 15% in sorghum except zearalenone that occurred in one third of the samples at average level of 44 μg/kg. In finger millet major mycotoxins occurred at a prevalence of 6–52% with zearalenone being the dominant and occurring at average level of 76 μg/kg. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1 were detected in at least one sorghum sample while only aflatoxins B1 and G1 were present in finger millet samples. The average aflatoxins B1 and G1 concentrations in sorghum have been higher than European standards. But the level of B2, G2 and M1 in sorghum and that of B1 and G1 in finger millet have been lower. Apart from aflatoxin precursors and other Fusarium metabolites, a broad range of additional metabolites were detected in sorghum and finger millet. |
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| Keywords: | Finger millet Liquid chromatography Mycotoxins Sorghum |
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