Affiliation: | a University Paris-Est, Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées, 58 bd Lefebvre, 75732 Paris Cedex, France b LMT-Cachan, ENS-Cachan/CNRS/Univ. Paris 6/UniverSud, Cachan, France c Directorate for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and Sea, Tour Voltaire, 92055 La Défense, France |