Investigation on passivity of titanium under steady-state conditions in acidic solutions

The passivity of titanium was studied using potentiostatic polarization combined with Mott–Schottky analysis in acidic solutions. The oxide layer was characterized as an n-type semiconducting, oxygen deficient oxide (TiO_{1.993–1.996}) with a donor density in the range of 10¹⁹–10²⁰ cm⁻³ depending on electrode potential and electrolyte pH. The calculated thickness for the inner oxide layer was in the range of 1–4 nm, increasing linearly with applied potential and exponentially with electrolyte pH. The potential- and pH-dependence of the inner oxide thickness was interpreted by a modified point defect model for the migration-controlled oxide growth, in which the rate-determining step in the passive film growth processes was assumed to be the donor lattice migration.