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A Food-Grade Method for Enhancing the Levels of Low Molecular Weight Proanthocyanidins with Potentially High Intestinal Bioavailability
Authors:Fortuna Iannuzzo  Vincenzo Piccolo  Ettore Novellino  Elisabetta Schiano  Emanuela Salviati  Vincenzo Summa  Pietro Campiglia  Gian Carlo Tenore  Maria Maisto
Affiliation:1.Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 59, 80131 Naples, Italy;2.Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;3.Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy
Abstract:Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are a group of bioactive molecules found in a variety of plants and foods. Their bioavailability depends on their molecular size, with monomers and dimers being more bioavailable than those that have a higher polymerization degree. This study aimed to develop a method to convert high-molecular-weight PACs to low-molecular-weight ones in a grape seed extract (GSE) from Vitis vinifera L. Therefore, GSE was subjected to alkaline treatment (ATGSE), and its difference in chemical composition, compared to GSE, was evaluated using a molecular networking (MN) approach based on results obtained from HPLC-ESI HRMS/MS characterization analysis. The network analysis mainly noted the PAC cluster with about 142 PAC compounds identified. In particular, the obtained results showed a higher content of monomeric and dimeric PACs in ATGSE compared to GSE, with 58% and 49% monomers and 31% and 24% dimers, respectively. Conversely, trimeric (9%), polymeric (4%), and galloylated PACs (14%) were more abundant in GSE than in ATGSE (6%, 1%, and 4%, respectively). Moreover, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were investigated, showing the high beneficial potential of both extracts. In conclusion, ATGSE could represent an innovative natural matrix rich in bioavailable and bioaccessible PACs for nutraceutical applications with potential beneficial properties.
Keywords:grape seeds   Vitis vinifera   LC/MS analysis   proanthocyanidins   antioxidant
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