Scaffolds with a standardized macro-architecture fabricated from several calcium phosphate ceramics using an indirect rapid prototyping technique |
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Authors: | C E Wilson C A van Blitterswijk A J Verbout W J A Dhert J D de Bruijn |
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Affiliation: | (1) Division of Surgical Specialties, Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, G05.228, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands;(2) School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK;(3) Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;(4) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; |
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Abstract: | Calcium phosphate ceramics, commonly applied as bone graft substitutes, are a natural choice of scaffolding material for bone
tissue engineering. Evidence shows that the chemical composition, macroporosity and microporosity of these ceramics influences
their behavior as bone graft substitutes and bone tissue engineering scaffolds but little has been done to optimize these
parameters. One method of optimization is to place focus on a particular parameter by normalizing the influence, as much as
possible, of confounding parameters. This is difficult to accomplish with traditional fabrication techniques. In this study
we describe a design based rapid prototyping method of manufacturing scaffolds with virtually identical macroporous architectures
from different calcium phosphate ceramic compositions. Beta-tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite (at two sintering temperatures)
and biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds were manufactured. The macro- and micro-architectures of the scaffolds were characterized
as well as the influence of the manufacturing method on the chemistries of the calcium phosphate compositions. The structural
characteristics of the resulting scaffolds were remarkably similar. The manufacturing process had little influence on the
composition of the materials except for the consistent but small addition of, or increase in, a beta-tricalcium phosphate
phase. Among other applications, scaffolds produced by the method described provide a means of examining the influence of
different calcium phosphate compositions while confidently excluding the influence of the macroporous structure of the scaffolds. |
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