Elevated plasma and urinary endothelin-I levels in human salt-sensitive hypertension

The influence of anterior mandibular height is often overlooked when planning treatment of facial vertical excess or deficiency. Although treatment decisions tend to focus primarily on Le Fort I maxillary osteotomies, genioplasty remains a useful adjunctive surgical procedure. Components of anterior facial vertical dysplasia are reviewed, and six genioplasty strategies are described.