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Using rapid indicators for Enterococcus to assess the risk of illness after exposure to urban runoff contaminated marine water |
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| Authors: | Colford John M Schiff Kenneth C Griffith John F Yau Vince Arnold Benjamin F Wright Catherine C Gruber Joshua S Wade Timothy J Burns Susan Hayes Jacqueline McGee Charles Gold Mark Cao Yiping Noble Rachel T Haugland Richard Weisberg Stephen B |
| Affiliation: | a University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, 101 Haviland, MC# 7358, Berkeley, CA 94720-7358, USA b Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd., Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA c United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental Health Effects Research Laboratory, Chapel Hill, NC 27711, USA d University of California Berkeley, Survey Research Center, 2538 Channing Way #C, Berkeley, CA 94720-5101, USA e Orange County Sanitation District, 10844 Ellis Avenue, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA f Heal the Bay, 1444 9th Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA g University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA h United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA |
| Abstract: | BackgroundTraditional fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) measurement is too slow (>18 h) for timely swimmer warnings.ObjectivesAssess relationship of rapid indicator methods (qPCR) to illness at a marine beach impacted by urban runoff.MethodsWe measured baseline and two-week health in 9525 individuals visiting Doheny Beach 2007-08. Illness rates were compared (swimmers vs. non-swimmers). FIB measured by traditional (Enterococcus spp. by EPA Method 1600 or Enterolert™, fecal coliforms, total coliforms) and three rapid qPCR assays for Enterococcus spp. (Taqman, Scorpion-1, Scorpion-2) were compared to health. Primary bacterial source was a creek flowing untreated into ocean; the creek did not reach the ocean when a sand berm formed. This provided a natural experiment for examining FIB-health relationships under varying conditions.ResultsWe observed significant increases in diarrhea (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.29-2.80 for swallowing water) and other outcomes in swimmers compared to non-swimmers. Exposure (body immersion, head immersion, swallowed water) was associated with increasing risk of gastrointestinal illness (GI). Daily GI incidence patterns were different: swimmers (2-day peak) and non-swimmers (no peak). With berm-open, we observed associations between GI and traditional and rapid methods for Enterococcus; fewer associations occurred when berm status was not considered.ConclusionsWe found increased risk of GI at this urban runoff beach. When FIB source flowed freely (berm-open), several traditional and rapid indicators were related to illness. When FIB source was weak (berm-closed) fewer illness associations were seen. These different relationships under different conditions at a single beach demonstrate the difficulties using these indicators to predict health risk. |
| Keywords: | Gastrointestinal illness Recreational water quality Diarrhea Indicator organisms qPCR |
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