Vegetable oil raw materials |
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Authors: | E H Pryde |
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Affiliation: | (1) Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 North University Street, 61604 Peoria, IL |
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Abstract: | Vegetable oils that are important to the chemical industry include both edible and industrial oils, which contribute 24% and
13.5%, respectively, compared to 55% for tallow, to the preparation of surfactants, coatings, plasticizers, and other products
based on fats and oils. Not only the oils themselves but also the fatty acids recovered from soapstock represent a several
billion pound resource. Coconut oil is imported to the extent of 700-1,000 million pounds per year. Its uses are divided about
equally between edible and industrial applications. Safflower oil has a relatively small production, but 15–25% of the oil
goes into industrial products. Soybean oil, the major edible oil of the world, is produced in the United States at the rate
of 11,000 million pounds per year with more than 500 million pounds going into industrial uses, representing 5% of the total
production. Castor oil is imported to the extent of about 100 million pounds per year. Linseed oil production has declined
drastically over the last 25 years but still amounts to about 100 million pounds per year. Oiticica and tung oils are imported
in lesser amounts than castor and linseed oils. New crops that have industrial potential, as well as the traditional vegetable
oil crops, include seed oils from crambe,Limnanthes, Lesquerella, Dimorphotheca, Vernonia, andCuphea plants. Crambe oil contains up to 65% erucic acid. Oil fromLimnanthes contains more than 95% of fatty acids above C18.Lesquerella oil contains hydroxy unsaturated acids resembling ricinoleic acid from castor oil.Dimorphotheca oil contains a conjugated dienol system.Vernonia oils contain as much as 80% epoxy acids. TheCuphea oils contain a number of short chain fatty acids. Of these, crambe,Limnanthes, andVernonia are probably the most developed agronomically. Competition between vegetable oils and petrochemicals for the traditional
fats and oil markets has been marked over the past 25 years, but prices for petrochemicals have accelerated at a greater rate
than those for vegetable oils; and, it is now appropriate to reexamine the old as well as the new markets for fatty acids. |
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