Integration of distributed generation systems into generic types of commercial buildings in California |
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Authors: | M. Medrano J. Brouwer V. McDonell J. Mauzey S. Samuelsen |
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Affiliation: | 1. Departament d’Informàtica i Eng. Industrial, Universitat de Lleida, Jaume II 69, 25001 Lleida, Spain;2. Advanced Power and Energy Program, University of California, Irvine, U.S., CA 92697-3550, USA |
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Abstract: | Distributed generation (DG) of combined cooling, heat, and power (CCHP) has been gaining momentum in recent years as an efficient, secure alternative for meeting increasing power demands in the world. One of the most critical and emerging markets for DG-CCHP systems is commercial and institutional buildings. The present study focuses analysis on the main economic, energy-efficiency, and environmental impacts of the integration of three types of advanced DG technologies (high-temperature fuel cells, micro-turbines, and photovoltaic solar panels) into four types of representative generic commercial building templates (small office building, medium office building, hospital, and college/school) in southern California (e.g., mild climate), using eQUEST as energy simulation tool. Detailed load profiles for the four commercial building types during times of peak electric and peak gas consumption were analyzed and complementary strategies to further increase overall building energy efficiencies such as energy efficiency measures (e.g., day lighting, exterior shading, improved HVAC performance) and thermally activated absorption cooling were also investigated. Results show that the high-temperature fuel cell (HTFC) performance is best matched with the hospital energy loads, resulting in a 98% DG capacity factor, 85% DG heat recovery factor, and $860,000 in energy savings (6 years payback). The introduction of thermally driven double-effect absorption cooling (AC) in the college building with HTFC reduces significantly the building electricity-to-thermal load ratio and boosts the heat recovery factor from 37% to 97%. |
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Keywords: | AC, absorption cooling ASHRAE, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers BO, Boston (Massachusetts) BTU, British Thermal Units (3412.14 BTU = 1 kWh) CHP, combined heat and power CCHP, combined cooling, heating and power CO2, carbon dioxide COLL, college/school building COP, coefficient of performance DER, distributed energy resources DG, distributed generation DG-CCHP, DG types with CCHP capabilities DHW, domestic hot water DOE-2, public domain building energy simulation code E/T, electrical load to thermal load ratio EEM, energy efficiency measures EIA, energy information agency eQUEST, graphical interface for whole-building energy analysis tool derived from DOE-2 FC, fuel cell/s GT, gas turbine/s HOSP, hospital building HTFC, high temperature fuel cell/s HVAC, heating, ventilating and air-conditioning ICE, internal combustion engine/s LA, Los Angeles (California) MOB, medium office building MTG, micro-turbine generator/s NOx, nitrogen oxides O& M, operating and maintenance PV, photovoltaic solar panel SCE, southern California Edison (California electric investor-owned utility) SOB, small office building SoCalGas, southern California gas (California gas investor-owned utility) |
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