Cross-leakage flow between adjacent flow channels in PEM fuel cells

In polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, serpentine flow channels are used conventionally for effective water removal. The reactant flows along the flow channel with pressure decrease due to the frictional and minor losses as well as the reactant depletion because of electrochemical reactions in the cells. Because of the short distance between the adjacent flow channels, often in the order of 1 mm or smaller, the pressure gradient between the adjacent flow channels is very large, driving part of reactant to flow through the porous electrode backing layer (or the so-called gas diffusion layer)—this cross-leakage flow between adjacent flow channels in PEM fuel cells has been largely ignored in previous studies. In this study, the effect of cross-flow in an electrode backing layer has been investigated numerically by considering bipolar plates with single-channel serpentine flow field for both the anode and cathode side. It is found that a significant amount of reactant gas flows through the porous electrode structure, due to the pressure difference, and enters the next flow channel, in addition to a portion entering the catalyst layer for reaction. Therefore, mixing occurs between the relatively high concentration reactant stream following the flow channel and the relatively low reactant concentration stream going through the electrode. It is observed that the cross-leakage flow influences the reactant concentration at the interface between the electrode and the catalyst layer, hence the distribution of reaction rate or current density generated. In practice, this cross-leakage flow in the cathode helps drive the liquid water out of the electrode structure for effective water management, partially responsible for the good PEM fuel cell performance using the serpentine flow channels.