Modelling a reliable wind/PV/storage power system for remote radio base station sites without utility power |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China;2. Department of Organic Device Engineering, Research Center for Organic Electronics, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan;1. State Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang, China;2. Shenyang Branch of China Coal Research Institute, China;3. Liaoning Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials, College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China;1. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;2. Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA;3. Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA;1. Energy Research Division, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 50-1 Sang-Ri, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea;2. Physics of Energy Harvesting Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110 012, India |
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| Abstract: | The development of photovoltaic (PV) cells has made steady progress from the early days, when only the USA space program could afford to deploy them, to now, seeing them applied to roadside applications even in our Northern European climes. The manufacturing cost per watt has fallen and the daylight-to-power conversion efficiency increased. At the same time, the perception that the sun has to be directly shining on it for a PV array to work has faded.On some of those roadside applications, particularly for remote emergency telephones or for temporary roadwork signage where a utility electrical power connection is not practical, the keen observer will spot, usually in addition to a PV array, a small wind-turbine and an electrical cabinet quite obviously (by virtue of its volume) containing a storage battery. In the UK, we have the lions share (>40%) of Europe's entire wind power resource although, despite press coverage of the “anti-wind” lobby to the contrary, we have hardly started to harvest this clean and free energy source.Taking this (established and proven) roadside solution one step further, we will consider higher power applications. A cellular phone system is one where a multitude of remote radio base stations (RBS) are required to provide geographical coverage. With networks developing into the so called “3G” technologies the need for base stations has tripled, as each 3G cell covers only 1/3 the geographical area of its “2G” counterpart.To cover >90% of the UK's topology (>97% population coverage) with 3G cellular technology will requires in excess of 12,000 radio base stations per operator network. In 2001, there were around 25,000 established sites and, with an anticipated degree of collocation by necessity, that figure is forecast to rise to >47,000. Of course, the vast majority of these sites have a convenient grid connection.However, it is easy to see that the combination of wind and PV power generation and an energy storage system may be an interesting solution for the more rural and remote applications – particularly those where an electrical supply is not available or practical – and this paper attempts to explore the current practicalities of such a power generation solution for those cellular phone base stations. |
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