Distribution of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Detroit River |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Political Science, University of Windsor, 1149 Chrysler Hall North, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada;2. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;3. School of Architecture and Planning, Regional Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, UB Downtown Gateway, 77 Goodell Street, Suite 302, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;4. Cross-Border Institute, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada;5. Institute for Great Lakes Research and Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Brooks Hall, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA;1. CIIMAR/CIMAR, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;2. Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal;1. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA;2. Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil;3. Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA;1. Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, United Kingdom.;2. Computational Life and Medical Sciences Network, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H, United Kingdom.;1. Michigan Sea Grant, 4840 S. State Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA;2. NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 4840 S. State Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA;3. NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 1431 Beach St., Muskegon, MI 49441, USA;4. Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, 4840 S. State Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA;5. NOS NOAA, 4840 S. State Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA |
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| Abstract: | The spatial distribution of 17 metals in the sediments of the Detroit River was established using metal concentrations from a river-wide survey. The survey (1999) was based on a stratified random sampling design that divided the river into upper, middle, and lower reaches and subsequently into U.S. and Canadian sides of the river. Results based on strong extraction, using concentrated acids, revealed that the Lowest Effect Level (LEL) for As, Cd, Cu, and Hg was exceeded at more than 75% of sampling sites and the Severe Effect Level (SEL) for As at 16.2% of sites. Most of the metals were homogenously distributed throughout reaches of the river, although sites with elevated concentrations were localized mainly along the middle and lower reaches as a result of a pattern of contamination sources and geographic complexity of the river, especially a spatial/temporal variability in water flow. A comparison of the results of a strong to a weak extraction (cold 5% acetic acid, to assess metal bioavailability) revealed two groups of sediment type. The first group with a “high” weak/strong ratio (bioavailable metals; about 1 for Ca, Mg, Na and from 0.6 to 0.4 for the rest of metals) was observed at sites with low flow velocities below 0.4 m s−1. The “low” ratio (non-bioavailable metals; 0.25 for Ca, Mg, Na and from 0.15 to 0.05 for other metals) was observed at sites with flow velocities greater than 0.6 m s−1. The data indicate that the sediment conditions, dependent on flow distribution, regulate not only the distribution of heavy metals but also can regulate metal bioavailability. |
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