Eastern banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus diaphanus) in Lake Michigan and connected watersheds: The invasion of a non-native subspecies |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Champaign, IL, United States;2. Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Champaign, IL, United States;3. Department of Civil and Environmental Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States;1. School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48104, USA;2. US Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit, MI 48226, USA;1. Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA;2. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Bureau of Fisheries, Albany, NY, USA;3. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lower Great Lakes Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 1101 Casey Road, Basom, NY 14013, USA;4. U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Oswego, NY, USA;1. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lake Huron Fisheries Research Station, 160 East Fletcher Street, Alpena, MI 49707, USA;2. Michigan State University, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Quantitative Fisheries Center, 375 Wilson Road, 101 UPLA Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;1. Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada;2. Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada;3. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;4. University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 111, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland;5. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation, and Parks, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada;1. School of the Environment, University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario N9J 3C5, Canada;2. Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario N9J 3C5, Canada;3. Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Autónoma De San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78300, Mexico;1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada;2. Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Science, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 5050, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Biological invasions can produce severe ecological impacts at both large spatial scales between distantly related species and also smaller spatial scales between conspecifics. We investigated here a potential intraspecific invasion within Lake Michigan and adjacent waters. Banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) experienced population increases and spread into novel habitats over recent decades in this region, but managers and policy makers were uncertain if these fish were native western banded killifish (F. d. menona) or instead an invasion by non-native eastern banded killifish (F. d. diaphanus). We applied mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) barcoding and population genetic analyses to investigate the identity of these fish. We found that new banded killifish populations were the eastern subspecies, including mtDNA haplotypes from the remote mid-Atlantic region, suggesting some introductions from anthropogenic pathways (e.g., live bait trade) rather than only spread from connected, downstream waters (e.g., Lake Erie). Further, population genetic analyses identified eastern banded killifish in our focal region as having low genetic diversity relative to their native range, and relative to western banded killifish populations. Lastly, we found non-native eastern banded killifish were associated with Lake Michigan and connected waters, rather than isolated kettle lakes, and primarily occurred at clearer sites potentially affected by dreissenid mussel invasions. More research is needed on the causes and consequences of eastern banded killifish invasions in Lake Michigan and adjacent waters, including an emphasis on their risk to the conservation of western banded killifish. |
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| Keywords: | Intraspecific invasion Native transplant Illinois River mtDNA Dreissenid mussels |
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