Numerical simulation of nanoparticle shape and thermal ray on a CuO/C2H6O2–H2O hybrid base nanofluid inside a porous enclosure using Darcy's law

In this study, the physical aspects of magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer of a hybrid base nanofluid in a porous medium under the effect of the shape, thermal radiation, and Lorentz force have been examined using the finite element method. Copper oxide (CuO) of various shapes was dispersed into ethylene glycol 50%‐water 50% (likewise for Fe₃O₄). The Darcy model is chosen because of the porous medium. The effect of changeable, diverse parameters, for example, Hartmann number (Ha), volume fraction (), radiation parameter (), and buoyancy force (Ra), on the streamlines, temperature gradient, and Nusselt number are shown through contours. Outputs show that the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles have a smaller temperature gradient than that of CuO nanoparticles. The Nusselt number decreases for a larger (Ha) number, but increases for a larger Ra, Rd. The blade shaped nanoparticle has a larger impact on increasing compared with that of other shapes.