Output, Error, Equivocation, and Recalled Information in Auditory, Visual, and Audiovisual Information Processing with Constraint and Noise |
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| Authors: | Hower J. Hsia |
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| Affiliation: | The writer, who received his Ph.D. in Mass Communications from the University of Wisconsin in 1967, is currently engaged in basic television research with Television Bureau of Advertising Inc., New York. He was a reporter and columnist in Hong Kong before coming to the United States for further education. |
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| Abstract: | Past controversies over the relative effectiveness of auditory, visual, and audiovisual channels are seen as the results of nondifferentiation of error and equivocation. Seventh grade students were used as Ss in an experiment consisting of noise and no noise conditions with constrained and nonconstrained communication in A, V, and AV treatments. Data were examined in terms of output, error, equivocation, and recalled (shared) information based upon information theory. The superiority of the AV treatment was substantiated in all respects of information processing, making less error and equivocation, but recalling more information correctly as compared with the A or V channel. Comparisons between A and V unequivocally established the fact that V made less error but more equivocation, whereas A processed more output information and also made more error; however, there was no significant difference between them in recalled information. The dependence of A upon constraint was found to be far greater than that of AV whose dependence in turn was greater than that of V. Noise was found to affect A most, V the next most, and AV the least. With between-channel redundancy AV seemed to be capable of reducing the effect of noise. |
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