Microwave absorption measurements of the electrical conductivity of small particles

A microwave absorption technique based on cavity perturbation theory is shown to be applicable for electrical conductivity measurements of both a small, single-crystal particle and finely divided powder samples when values fall in either the low (<0.1 ^–1 cm^–1) or the intermediate (0.1 100 ^–1 cm^–1) conductivity region. The results here pertain to semiconductors in the latter region. If the skin depth of the material becomes significantly smaller than the sample dimension parallel to theE-field, an appreciable error can be introduced into the calculated conductivity values; however, this discrepancy is eliminated by correcting for the field attenuation associated with the penetration depth of the microwaves. A modification of this approach utilizing the skin depth allows a first-order correction to be applied to powder samples which results in the accurate measurement of absolute values, and results with doped Si powders are compared to values obtained from one small single particle using this microwave technique as well as reported DC values determined with single crystals. The use of this microwave absorption technique with small particles having high surface/volume ratios, such as catalyst supports and oxide catalysts, under controlled environments can provide fundamental information about adsorption and catalytic processes on such semiconductor surfaces. An application to a ZnO powder demonstrates this capability.