Compatibility with Jet A-1 of a GCL Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles |
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Authors: | R Kerry Rowe Toshifumi Mukunoki Richard J Bathurst |
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Affiliation: | 1Geo Engineering Centre at Queen’s–RMC, Queen’s Univ., Kingston ON, Canada K7L 3N6. E-mail: kerry@civil.queensu.ca 2Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kumamoto Univ., Japan. E-mail: mukunoki@kumamoto-u.ac.jp 3Geo Engineering Centre at Queen’s–RMC, Royal Military College, Kingston ON, Canada K7K 7B4. E-mail: bathurst-r@rmc.ca
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Abstract: | Needle-punched geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) specimens subjected to 0, 5, and 12 freeze–thaw cycles in the laboratory, and GCL specimens recovered from a composite barrier wall in the Canadian Arctic after 1 and 3 years were examined to assess the hydraulic conductivity/permeability with respect to both deionized deaired water and Jet A-l. The GCL specimens recovered from the field after 3 years had a hydraulic conductivity with respect to water that was approximately 30% less than that of the GCL specimens subjected to 12 initial freeze–thaw cycles in the laboratory, suggesting that the laboratory conditions are more severe than field conditions. The combined effects of both the freeze–thaw cycles and Jet A-l permeation increased the permeability. This increase is attributed to the creation of macropores in the GCL due to freezing and to an expansion of free-pore space due to contraction of the double layer caused by permeation of Jet A-l. Although there was an increase in permeability due to the combined effect of freeze–thaw and permeation by Jet A-l, the effect was relatively small and the results suggest that the GCL continued to exhibit good performance as a hydraulic barrier when subject to extreme climatic conditions and hydrocarbons both in the laboratory and in the field. |
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Keywords: | Geosynthetics Hydraulic conductivity Freeze-thaw Permeability Pore water Bentonite Hydrocarbons |
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