小麦中呕吐毒素的影响因素和污染特性分析

以小麦为研究对象，分析影响呕吐毒素，即脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol，DON）含量的相关因素，研究小麦不同粒型及籽粒不同部位DON的污染特性、分布差异。结果表明，小麦籽粒染病、破损，籽粒粒径及虫蛀类型对DON污染均有影响，DON含量与不完善粒含量呈显著的弱正相关，与赤霉病粒含量呈显著的强正相关。相同品种的小麦样品，小麦不同粒型和籽粒不同部位，DON含量存在很大差异，其中赤霉病粒显著高于未染病粒，破损粒显著高于完整粒，小颗粒显著高于大颗粒，籽粒胚部显著高于胚乳，粒面DON含量占35.2%～52.1%。胚乳结构越靠近外层，DON污染越严重，越靠近籽粒中心，DON污染越轻，制粉后外层麸皮DON含量较高，而可食用的小麦粉含量较低。小麦通过分级、分选、水洗和制粉加工可有效降低DON的污染。

Factors Influencing of Vomitoxin in Wheat and Its Contamination Characteristics

The factors affecting the content of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol, DON), in wheat were analyzed, and the contamination characteristics and distribution difference of vomitoxin in different types of wheat grains and different grain parts were evaluated. The results showed that disease infection, injury, the size of wheat grains, and the type of insect injury affected vomitoxin contamination. Vomitoxin content was weakly positively correlated the percentage of perfect grains, but significantly positively correlated with the percentage of gibberella-damaged grains. Significant differences in the level of vomitoxin contamination were found among different grain types and different parts of the same cultivar; the content of vomitoxin was significantly higher in gibberella-damaged grains than in the uninfected ones, in broken grains than in the intact ones, in small grains than that in the large ones, and in the embryo than that in the endosperm. The content of vomitoxin in the kernel surface accounted for 35.2%–52.1% of the total. More serious vomitoxin contamination was observed in the part closer to the outer layer of the endosperm, while less serious vomitoxin contamination appeared in the part closer to the center of the kernel center. After wheat flouring, the content of vomitoxin was higher in the bran but lower in the flour. Vomitoxin contamination in wheat can be effectively reduced by grading, sorting, washing and milling.