“角楼”与“堂横”：河源仙坑村客家民居的形态建构

仙坑村是广东省东江流域河源地区客家建筑风貌保存最为完整的村落之一，也是第五批“中国传统村落”之一，现存传统客家民居20余座，其中包括大夫第八角楼、荣封第四角楼两处广东省文物保护单位。堂横屋作为客家民居单幢建筑的代表，在仙坑村聚落300多年的发展历程中以不同形态来应对不断变化的社会环境，是东江客家民居建筑的典型代表。早期建成的大夫第重视防御，在堂横屋四角楼的基础上增建寨墙、角楼，形成寨堡化八角楼格局。随着叶氏巨族的形成，荣封第四角楼建造的关注点逐渐从对外防御转换为对宗族礼制观念的强化，以及兼顾空间容量与巨族形象的表达。而19世纪宗族内部的贫富不均和家庭分化导致大量小规模家宅营建的出现，以堂横屋为原型通过空间变形和自由组合，形成了更加适应日益紧张的建设用地环境和小家庭分居的经济条件的建筑群。这一系列的民居形态建构过程反映出社会环境转变下仙坑村客家聚落空间的演进，以及传统民居空间建构的逻辑，即以客家民居的原型空间——堂横为基础，通过适应性的建筑形态及空间组合来应对外界环境的转变。

"Turrets" and "Tangheng": The Form Construction of Hakka Dwellings in Xiankeng Village,Heyuan

Located in the Heyuan area of the Dongjiang River Basin, Guangdong Province, not only is Xiankeng Village one of the villages with the most complete preservation of the Hakka architectural style, but it is also one in the fifth group of "Chinese Traditional Villages". There are more than 20 traditional Hakka dwellings in Xiankeng, including the Dafudi with eight turrets and the Rongfengdi with four turrets, both of which are provincial heritage sites. As the representative of a single building of Hakka dwellings, forms of Tangheng buildings were changed as a response to the changing social environment during the 300-year development process of the village. It is a typical representative of Hakka dwellings in the Dongjiang area. In the early stage, Dafudi attached great importance to defence by building walls and turrets based on Tangheng buildings with four turrets, thus completing the process of fortification. With the development of the giant clan of Ye, the construction of Rongfengdi gradually shifted attention away from defence and towards the reinforcement of clan rites, as well as the expansion of space capacity and the visual expression of the clan. In the 19th century, many small-scale Tangheng buildings appeared as a result of the wealth gap and family division within the clan. Through the spatial deformation and free combination, they were more suited to the increased shortage of land and the economic conditions of a small family. This series of construction processes reflect the evolution of Hakka settlements in Xiankeng Village under the transformation of the social environment, as well as the logic of traditional settlement construction based on the prototype of Hakka dwellings: the Tangheng building. Adaptive architectural form and spatial combination are used to adapt to the changing social environment.