Watermarking in halftone images with parity-matched error diffusion |
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Authors: | Jing-Ming Guo Soo-Chang Pei |
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Affiliation: | a Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C b Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. c Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9560, USA |
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Abstract: | In this paper, a halftone watermarking technique of high watermark rate, robustness, and watermark-rate flexibility is presented. This technique, namely the parity-matched error diffusion (PMEDF) method, is capable of achieving an embedded watermark rate as high as 6.25-25% with good image quality and without the need for the original image as the reference for the decoding. The proposed PMEDF method employs the high efficient parity-matching strategy to spread a watermark bit to each pixel of a block of the host image. Thus, the majority voting mechanism can be applied for decoding to achieve an advantage of high robustness. As documented in the experimental results, this technique is capable of guarding against degradation, due to cropping, tampering, as well as print-and-scan process in error-diffused halftone images. |
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Keywords: | Halftone Ordered dithering Error diffusion Least-squares Parity-matched error diffusion |
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