Possibilities for the utilisation of marine by‐products

Fish industry by‐products can account for up to 75% of the catch depending on postharvest or industrial preparation processes. Different terms such as ‘fish waste’, ‘by‐product’ and ‘rest raw materials’ have been used. The review gives an overview of value‐added processes that provide an alternative to low‐profit uses such as silage, fish meal and mince. The preparation of different by‐product fractions such as fish blood, marine lipids, omega‐3 fatty acids, fish protein fractions and bioactive components with nutraceutical potential, i.e. antioxidants and bioactive peptides, is considered. There are several future opportunities for the preparation of high‐value by‐products such as enzymes, minerals and other bioactive substances including hydroxyapatite, phosphorus, taurine and creatine. Both regulatory status and future market potential need to be considered. In addition, there is a need for technologies that maintain good quality by‐products and ‘simple’ processes to produce bulk products for further refining.