Structural and chemical changes of thermally treated bone apatite |
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Authors: | Susan Essien Etok Eugenia Valsami-Jones Timothy J Wess Jennifer C Hiller Clark A Maxwell Keith D Rogers David A C Manning Margaret L White Elisa Lopez-Capel Matthew J Collins Mike Buckley Kirsty E H Penkman Stephen L Woodgate |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Mineralogy, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK;(2) Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK;(3) Centre for Materials Science and Engineering, Cranfield University Shrivenham, Swindon, SN6 8LA, UK;(4) School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK;(5) Bio-Arc (Archaeology), University of York, PO Box 373, York, YO10 5YW, UK;(6) PDM Group, c/o Beacon Research, Kelmarsh Road, Clipston, Leicestershire, LE16 9RX, UK |
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Abstract: | The thermal behaviour of the animal by-product meat and bone meal (MBM) has been investigated in order to assess how it is
affected structurally and chemically by incineration. Initially composed of intergrown collagen and hydroxyapatite (HAP),
combustion of the organic component is complete by 650 °C, with most mass loss (50–55%) occurring by 500 °C. No original proteins
were detected in samples heated at 400 °C or above. Combustion of collagen is accompanied by an increase in HAP mean crystallite
size at temperatures greater than 400 °C, from 10 nm to a constant value of 120 nm at 800 °C or more. Newly formed crystalline
phases appear beyond 400 °C, and include β-tricalcium phosphate, NaCaPO4, halite (NaCl) and sylvite (KCl). Crystallite thickness as judged by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) increases from 2 nm
(25–400 °C) to 8–9 nm very rapidly at 550 °C, and then gradually increases to approximately 10 nm. The original texture of
HAP within a collagen matrix is progressively lost, producing a porous HAP dominated solid at 700 °C, and a very low porosity
sintered HAP product at 900 °C. |
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