基于 RUSLE 模型的区域土壤侵蚀定量估算及空间特征研究

针对哈尔滨市主城区水土流失问题，以土壤侵蚀估算与评价为目标，采用 RUSLE 模型，依托 GIS 和遥感技术，分析了影响区域尺度土壤侵蚀因子，包括降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性、地形、植被覆盖度和水土保持特性等，定量估算了哈尔滨市主城区 8 个流域的土壤侵蚀大小。在此基础上参考黑土区水土流失综合防治技术标准，并结合流域自身侵蚀状况，分析了哈尔滨市主城区土壤侵蚀特性的空间格局。结果表明: 哈尔滨市八个流域土壤侵蚀模数范围为 0 ～ 1 272. 61 t·km － 2·年 － 1，各流域以微度和轻度侵蚀为主，局部地区存在着较为严重的土壤侵蚀; 区域土壤侵蚀空间分异特征明显，是气候、土壤、植被、地形和人类活动共同作用的结果; 哈尔滨市八大流域以微度侵蚀为主，轻度侵蚀次之，强烈侵蚀及极强烈侵蚀区很少，仅在运粮河流域存在极少的剧烈侵蚀区。研究成果可为哈尔滨市水土流失治理提供技术支撑和理论依据。

RUSLE model-based quantitative estimation and spatial characteristics study onregional soil erosion

Aiming at the problem of soil erosion in the main urban area of Harbin City，the factors to affect the soil erosion on regional scale，i. e. rainfall erosivity，soil erodibility，terrain，vegetation coverage and characteristics of water and soil conservation，are analyzed herein based on GIS and remote sensing techniques with RUSLE model by taking the estimation and evaluation on soil erosion as the study objective，and then the erosion degrees of 8 watersheds in the main urban area of Harbin City are quantitatively estimated. On the basis of this，the spatial pattern of the soil erosion characteristics of the main urban area of Harbin City is analyzed in combination with the self-erosion statuses of the watersheds with the reference of the Techniques Standard for Comprehensive Control of Soil Erosion in the Black Soil Region. The result shows that the range of the erosion modulus for the 8 watersheds in Harbin City is 0 ～ 1 272. 61 t·km － 2·a － 1，while all the watersheds are mainly suffered with micro-degree erosion and mild-degree erosion，while the more severe erosions only exist in local regions therein，for which the spatial differential features of the regional soil erosions are obvious，which are the results from the joint-effect of climate，soil，vegetation，terrain and human activities. The 8 watersheds in Harbin City are mainly dominated by micro-degree erosion and secondarily dominated by mild-degree erosion，while heavily and intensively eroded regions are less，only a few intensively eroded regions are there in Yunlianghe River Watershed. The study result can provide technical support and theoretical basis for soil erosion control in Harbin City.