增材制造压电陶瓷的现状与展望

压电陶瓷作为一类重要的功能陶瓷材料, 具备高强度、高硬度、耐腐蚀等优点, 可实现机械能和电能间的相互转换, 常被用于制备传感器、驱动器、电容器等压电器件, 在海洋探测、生物医疗、电子通讯等高端装备中发挥着重要作用。针对高端技术领域对压电功能器件智能化、集成化、轻量化的发展需求, 压电陶瓷的外形和结构越来越复杂。注浆、注射、模压、切割等传统的压电陶瓷制造工艺, 大多需借助模具或刀具完成, 很难甚至无法制造具有中空、悬垂等复杂结构的压电陶瓷, 制约了压电功能器件的进一步发展。增材制造技术基于逐层累加原理可实现任意复杂结构快速定制, 具有成型效率高、无需模具等优点, 可满足个性化、整体化、复杂化制造需求, 近年来受到国内外压电陶瓷领域研究人员的广泛关注。本文从粉体、浆料、块材三种原材料形态角度, 综述了当前增材制造压电陶瓷的主要工艺种类及发展现状, 综合对比了各种工艺成型特点; 介绍了增材制造压电陶瓷在不同领域的应用进展; 最后, 总结和展望了增材制造压电陶瓷所面临的挑战和未来可能的发展趋势。

Current Status and Prospect of Additive Manufacturing Piezoceramics

As an important functional material, piezoelectric ceramics not only have the characteristics of high strength, high hardness, corrosion resistance, etc., but also can realize the mutual conversion between mechanical energy and electrical energy. Piezoelectric ceramics are widely used in sensors, drivers, capacitors and other piezoelectric parts, playing an important role in high-end equipment such as marine exploration, biomedicine, and electronic communications. The development requirements of intelligent, integrated, and lightweight piezoelectric functional devices in advanced technology fields have pushed their shape more and more complex. However, traditional fabricating processes, such as slip casting, injection molding, mould pressing, and machining, depend on molds or grinding tools. It is difficult to design and fabricate complex shape piezoelectric ceramics, especially with hollows and overhangs. Additive manufacturing technology can rapidly fabricate any complex structure parts based on the layer-by-layer fabricating principle with advantages of high molding efficiency and without molds. It can meet the needs of individualized, integration and complex manufacturing. In recent years, it has received extensive attention from researchers in the field of piezoelectric ceramics in both domestic and abroad. This article summarizes the main types of current additive manufacturing piezoelectric ceramics and their development status from the perspective of three raw material forms: powder, slurry and bulk materials, then comprehensively compares the characteristics of various processes. Application of additive manufacturing of piezoelectric ceramics in different fields has also been introduced. Finally, the challenges faced by additive manufacturing piezoelectric ceramics and the possible future development trends are summarized and prospected.