核电站辐射防护的现状和趋势

核电站辐射防护的任务主要包括 :个人和集体剂量控制 ,放射性物质管理以防止失控和污染扩散 ,辐射事故预防 ,其中最能衡量核电站辐射防护管理和 ALARA实施水平的指标是集体剂量控制。控制集体剂量可以从控制剂量率水平、控制照射时间和控制受照人数 3个方面着手 ,而这 3个方面的控制又可以通过源项控制、安全文化培养、工作过程管理和优化等措施来达到。在日本举行的 IRPA-1 0上发表的有关报告 ,也表明目前的核电站辐射防护有以下 3个特点和趋势 :1 )重视核电站安全文化的培养 ;2 )重视对放射性源项的监测和控制 ;3 )重视对高风险工作过程的 ALARA控制。本文对这些方面分别进行了阐述。

The Current Status and Trend of Radiation Protection in Nuclear Power Plants

Radiation protection in nuclear power plant is mainly for: controlling the individual and collective doses, management of radioactive material to prevent any loss of control or contamination spreading,and prevention of radiation protection related incidents and accidents.The mostly used criteria for evaluating the radiation protection management and ALARA implementation in a nuclear power plant is the collective dose,which could be controlled by limiting the dose rate,exposure time and number of people exposed,while the limitation of the these 3 aspects could be realized by source term control and work process management and optimization.The reports in the IRPA 10 also indicate that there are 3 features or tendencies in the operational radiation protection in uclear power plant:1)building up of safety culture;2)monitoring and controlling the radioactive source term;3)the process control and optimization of the works with high radiation risk.This report gives some explanations to those points.