固定化微生物技术降解石油废水研究进展

介绍了固定化微生物的起源、发展过程、制备材料、制备方法以及特点和优点。重点介绍了固定化微生物技术处理油田采油废水、石油加工废水和含石油成分废水的应用研究。对固定化微生物技术的优缺点进行了总结,其优点是可大幅提高微生物浓度、减少反应器体积、提高代谢活性和抗毒性、抗负荷冲击能力强、反应启动快、处理效率高、运行稳定、产污泥量少等;不足之处是可供固定的微生物种类较少,载体的费用较高。高效降解有机物的机理是载体有空穴结构,利于微生物的固定化,为微生物的生长和繁殖提供了良好的环境;载体可减轻水力负荷的冲击,受氧扩散的限制,载体内部产生缺氧区域,为厌氧、兼性和好氧处理的同步进行创造了条件;厌氧和好氧混合菌可加速生物转化,载体能在单位容积内提供巨大比表面积利于生物膜的生长。分析认为固定化微生物是极具发展前景的生物处理技术,提出了未来重要研究方向应为固定化材料的优化与组合、优势菌种的筛选和驯化、与其他处理技术联用等。

Advances in Immobilized Microorganism Techniques for Degradation of Petroleum Wastewater

This article describes the origin, development history, materials and method of preparation, and characteristics and advantages of immobilized microbe ,with the emphasis on the research on applications of immobilized microorganism technology in treating oilfield wastewater,oil processing wastewater and oil-contain- ing wastewater.The advantages and disadvantages of immobilized microorganism technology are summarized and analyzed.The advantages include significantly higher concentration of microbe,smaller size of reactor,higher metabolic activity and poison resistance ,strong load impact resistance ,fast startup of reactions ,high treatment efficiency ,stable operation and low production of mud.The disadvantages are the few types of microbes avail- able for immobilization and the high costs of carriers.The mechanism behind efficient degradation of organic matters is： The carrier has a hole structure,which is instrumental to the immobilization of microbes and pro- vides a good environment for the growth and reproduction of microbes ;the carrier can reduce the impact of hydraulic load and limited by oxygen diffusion,oxygen-poor areas will appear inside the carrier,creating con- ditions for the synchronization of anaerobic,facultative and aerobic treatments;and anaerobic and aerobic mixed bacteria can accelerate biological conversion and the carrier can provide a very large specific surface area in unit volume ,which is instrumental to the growth of biological membrane.Analysis shows that immobilized microorganism technology is very promising biological treatment technology.The author of this article believes that the optimization and combination of immobilization materials,the selection and acclimatization of dominant bacteria and the use in conjunction with other treatment technologies will be important trends for the development of immobilized microorganism technology.