The anodic oxidation of zirconium—I. growth stresses in anodic ZrO2 films

Fluoride ion used either in the surface preparation or in the subsequent anodising of zirconium has a profound effect upon the stresses in the zirconium oxide anodic layer. By a suitable choice of surface preparation, anodising electrolyte, and growth rate, anodic oxide films can be grown on the surface of zirconium having tensile, compressive, or effectively zero stress.