Volatile organic compounds in 169 energy-efficient dwellings in Switzerland |
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| Authors: | Shen Yang Vincent Perret Corinne Hager Jörin Hélène Niculita-Hirzel Joëlle Goyette Pernot Dusan Licina |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;2. TOXpro SA, Carouge, Switzerland;3. School of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg, HumanTech Institute, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Fribourg, Switzerland;4. Department of Health, Work and Environment, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;5. School of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg, Transform Institute, Western Swiss Center for Indoor Air Quality and Radon (croqAIR), HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Fribourg, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | Exposure to elevated levels of certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in households has been linked to deleterious health effects. This study presents the first large-scale investigation of VOC levels in 169 energy-efficient dwellings in Switzerland. Through a combination of physical measurements and questionnaire surveys, we investigated the influence of diverse building characteristics on indoor VOCs. Among 74 detected compounds, carbonyls, alkanes, and alkenes were the most abundant. Median concentration levels of formaldehyde (14 μg/m3), TVOC (212 μg/m3), benzene (<0.1 μg/m3), and toluene (22 μg/m3) were below the upper exposure limits. Nonetheless, 90% and 50% of dwellings exceeded the chronic exposure limits for formaldehyde (9 μg/m3) and TVOC (200 μg/m3), respectively. There was a strong positive correlation among VOCs that likely originated from common sources. Dwellings built between 1950s and 1990s, and especially, those with attached garages had higher TVOC concentrations. Interior thermal retrofit of dwellings and absence of mechanical ventilation system were associated with elevated levels of formaldehyde, aromatics, and alkanes. Overall, energy-renovated homes had higher levels of certain VOCs compared with newly built homes. The results suggest that energy efficiency measures in dwellings should be accompanied by actions to mitigate VOC exposures as to avoid adverse health outcomes. |
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| Keywords: | building characteristics dwellings energy efficiency thermal retrofit ventilation volatile organic compounds |
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