Attraction of the Parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anagrus nilaparvatae</Emphasis> to Rice Volatiles Induced by the Rice Brown Planthopper <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nilaparvata lugens</Emphasis> |
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Authors: | Email author" target="_blank">Yong-Gen?LouEmail author Bo?Ma Jia-An?Cheng |
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Affiliation: | (1) Institute of Applied Entomology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China |
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Abstract: | Anagrus nilaparvatae, an egg parasitoid of the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, was attracted to volatiles released from N. lugens-infested plants, whereas there was no attraction to volatiles from undamaged plants, artificially damaged plants, or volatiles
from N. lugens nymphs, female adults, eggs, honeydew, and exuvia. There was no difference in attractiveness between plants infested by N. lugens nymphs or those infested by gravid females. Attraction was correlated with time after infestation and host density; attraction
was only evident between 6 and 24 hr after infestation by 10 adult females per plant, but not before or after. Similarly,
after 24 hr of infestation, wasps were attracted to plants with 10 to 20 female planthoppers, but not to plants with lower
or higher numbers of female planthoppers. The attractive time periods and densities may be correlated with the survival chances
of the wasps' offspring, which do not survive if the plants die before the wasps emerge. Wasps were also attracted to undamaged
mature leaves of a rice plant when one of the other mature leaves had been infested by 10 N. lugens for 1 d, implying that the volatile cues involved in host location by the parasitoid are systemically released. Collection
and analyses of volatiles revealed that 1 d of N. lugens infestation did not result in the emission of new compounds or an increase in the total amount of volatiles, but rather the
proportions among the compounds in the blend were altered. The total amounts and proportions of the chemicals were also affected
by infestation duration. These changes in volatile profiles might provide the wasps with specific information on host habitat
quality and thus could explain the observed behavioral responses of the parasitoid. |
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Keywords: | Host location induced plant volatiles rice Anagrus nilaparvatae Nilaparvata lugens tritrophic interactions |
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