Effect of hyperketonemia on the diurnal patterns of energy-related blood metabolites in early-lactation dairy cows

Most dairy cows experience a period of energy deficit in early lactation, resulting in increased plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Our objectives were to determine (1) the diurnal variation in plasma BHB and NEFA, (2) the correlation between plasma NEFA and BHB when accounting for diurnal changes, and (3) the effect of hyperketonemia (HYK) on the diurnal pattern of blood metabolites. Jugular catheters were placed in 28 multiparous Holstein cows between 3 and 9 days in milk, and blood samples were collected every 2 h for 96 h. Cows were retrospectively classified as HYK positive (HYK; n = 13) if they had plasma BHB concentrations ≥1.2 mmol/L for ≥3 study days, or HYK negative (non-HYK; n = 15) if they had plasma BHB concentrations ≥1.2 mmol/L for ≤2 study days. Generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze concentrations of analytes over time and differences in metabolites between HYK groups. The correlation between total plasma NEFA and BHB was analyzed by calculating the area under the curve for plasma NEFA and BHB for all cows. Plasma NEFA reached a peak approximately 2 h before morning feed delivery, falling to a nadir in the late evening. Plasma BHB was at a nadir at the time of morning feed delivery, peaking 4 h later. We observed a strong positive correlation between daily plasma NEFA and BHB. Additionally, HYK cows had greater concentrations of plasma NEFA and BHB than non-HYK cows. The HYK cows also experienced a greater magnitude of change in BHB throughout the day than the non-HYK cows. Our results suggest that the time relative to feeding should be considered when analyzing plasma metabolites, as classification of energy status may change throughout a day.