Accumulation of potassium and calcium by ripening berries on field vines of Vitis vinifera (L) cv. Shiraz

Ripening berries of Vitis vinifera (L) cv. Shiraz can show pre-harvest weight loss at sub-optimal sugar content (shrinkage). This later-age decline in berry weight implies that water loss from mature berries has begun to exceed water inflow from the parent grapevine. Such decrease in net inflow has been attributed to a cessation of xylem flow subsequent to veraison, followed by a cessation of phloem flow into berries during later stages of ripening. We address this issue in this present paper, and show a continuing increase in berry content of both potassium and calcium throughout ripening. We measured changes in berry fresh weight and berry content of potassium (phloem mobile) and calcium (phloem immobile) in fruit on field vines sampled from set to harvest. Berry fresh weight reached a plateau between 81 and 95 days after flowering, then declined to 75% of maximum fresh weight by 115 days. Dry weight maximum occurred 14 days after the onset of the fresh weight plateau. Potassium accumulation was slow pre-veraison, increased 3.5-fold post-veraison, and continued during berry shrinkage. Calcium content per berry also showed a linear increase throughout fruit enlargement and ripening phases. Assuming both potassium and calcium were entering berries via vascular conduits, our results imply a continuing connection between parent grapevine and ripening berries. Moreover, an abrupt change (increase) in the ratio of potassium/calcium content per berry subsequent to veraison implies that phloem inflow has increased relative to xylem inflow during post-veraison enlargement.