放射性废物处置安全全过程系统分析中的指标

以往放射性废物处置的安全评价中通常使用放射性安全指标(即剂量和危险),随着放射性废物处置安全全过程系统分析这一概念的提出,辅助指标已成为评价中的一个重要组成部分。本文介绍了安全全过程系统分析中所使用指标的发展、分类和相应标准等。依评价对象不同,辅助指标通常分为安全指标和性能指标,有些组织还提出了安全功能指标;与上述指标相对应的用于比较的标准分别为参考值、指标标准和安全功能指标标准。将处置系统划分为不同库室时,指标还可分为“包容物和浓度”相关指标、“通量”相关指标和“屏障状态”相关指标三类。建议我国尽快开展放射性废物处置的安全全过程系统分析工作,建立完善的指标体系,选取适当的评价指标,并基于我国放射性废物处置的场址特性确定相应的标准,以期实现安全和防护的最优化。

Indicators of safety case for the disposal of radioactive waste

As the concept of safety case for the disposal of radioactive waste was put forward, in addition to the radiological safety indicators (i.e., dose and risk), complementary indicators are widely accepted as important components of the safety case. The developments in the application, the categories, and the criteria of indicators in safety cases for disposal were introduced. According to different evaluation objects, complementary indicators are usually divided into safety indicators and performance indicators, and some organizations have developed the concept of safety function indicator as well. The corresponding criteria for comparison with the indicators are reference values, indicator criteria and safety function indicator criteria, respectively. If the disposal system is regarded as several compartments, the indicators could also be divided into 3 main groups including ‘content and concentration’ related, ‘flux’ related and ‘status of barriers’ related. The suggestions for the disposal of radioactive waste in our country are to develop the safety cases as soon as possible, to establish a complete indicator system, to select appropriate indicators for assessment, and to determine relevant criteria based on the characteristics of radioactive waste disposal sites in China, in order to implement the optimization of safety and protection.