Interpretation of effects at the static fatigue limit of soda-lime-silicate glass

Crack growth in soda-lime-silicate glass near the static fatigue limit is rationalized by a fracture mechanics model of the crack tip, in which a stressed layer is built up on the crack surface as a consequence of ion exchange at the crack tip. This model extends the one presented earlier by Bunker and Michalske. Ion exchange, between hydronium (H₃O⁺) ions in the solution and sodium (Na⁺) ions in the glass, gives rise to compressive stresses at the tips of cracks in soda-lime-silicate glasses. These compressive stresses are responsible for (1) the occurrence of a fatigue limit in glass, (2) for the fact that crack tips remain sharp at the fatigue limit even though the walls of the crack are corroded by the basic solutions that form as a consequence of ion exchange, (3) for the crack tip bifurcation often observed when cracks are held at the fatigue limit for a while and then restarted at higher loads, and (4) for the fact that a delay time to restart the crack is often observed after the crack is held under load at the static fatigue limit. Most of the predictions are in quantitative agreement with experimental observations on crack growth and crack tip structure for soda-lime-silicate glass. The prediction of the time required to restart the crack is, however, only qualitatively correct, as experimental data report a sharp peak centered at the fatigue limit in the plot of restart time versus hold stress intensity factor, whereas the model gives a broad maximum on such a plot. Clearly, further development of the model will be needed for a better representation of the experimental data.