Faecal pollution of ocean swimming pools and stormwater outlets in eastern Sydney

BACKGROUND: We evaluated routine transition zone biopsies for the detection of prostate cancer. METHODS: Systematic sextant transrectal biopsies, including 2 systematic transition zone biopsies (sextant biopsy group), were performed on 196 consecutive patients. Biopsies were based on indications from digital rectal examination and/or a serum PSA level greater than 4.0 ng/mL. During the same period, 21 patients with persistently elevated PSA levels and earlier negative systematic biopsies also had the sextant biopsy (re-biopsy group). The sextant biopsy group was compared with 124 cases in our previous cancer detection program who had systematic quadrant biopsies targeted to the peripheral zone (quadrant biopsy group). RESULTS: Between the sextant and quadrant biopsy groups, the difference in rate of cancer detection was not significant statistically. Of the sextant biopsy group, 64 (33%) demonstrated malignancy, including 9 (4.6%) with cancer found exclusively in the peripheral zone and 55 (28%) both in the peripheral and transition zones. No cancer was found exclusively in the transition zone. Of the re-biopsy group, all 4 cancers (19%) were detected in the transition zone, 2 of them exclusively in the transition zone. CONCLUSION: Routine transition zone biopsies did not increase the detection rate of prostate cancer. Systematic transition zone biopsies proved useful to the patients with persistently elevated PSA values and negative results in previous systematic peripheral zone biopsies.