Prey and Non-prey Arthropods Sharing a Host Plant: Effects on Induced Volatile Emission and Predator Attraction |
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Authors: | Jetske G de Boer Cornelis A Hordijk Maarten A Posthumus Marcel Dicke |
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Affiliation: | (1) Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands;(2) Netherlands Institute for Ecology, Centre for Limnology, P.O. Box 1299, 3600 BG Maarssen, The Netherlands;(3) Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8026, 6700 EG Wageningen, The Netherlands;(4) Present address: Evolutionary Genetics, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands |
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Abstract: | It is well established that plants infested with a single herbivore species can attract specific natural enemies through the
emission of herbivore-induced volatiles. However, it is less clear what happens when plants are simultaneously attacked by
more than one species. We analyzed volatile emissions of lima bean and cucumber plants upon multi-species herbivory by spider
mites (Tetranychus urticae) and caterpillars (Spodoptera exigua) in comparison to single-species herbivory. Upon herbivory by single or multiple species, lima bean and cucumber plants emitted
volatile blends that comprised mostly the same compounds. To detect additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects, we compared
the multi-species herbivory volatile blend with the sum of the volatile blends induced by each of the herbivore species feeding
alone. In lima bean, the majority of compounds were more strongly induced by multi-species herbivory than expected based on
the sum of volatile emissions by each of the herbivores separately, potentially caused by synergistic effects. In contrast,
in cucumber, two compounds were suppressed by multi-species herbivory, suggesting the potential for antagonistic effects.
We also studied the behavioral responses of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis, a specialized natural enemy of spider mites. Olfactometer experiments showed that P. persimilis preferred volatiles induced by multi-species herbivory to volatiles induced by S. exigua alone or by prey mites alone. We conclude that both lima bean and cucumber plants effectively attract predatory mites upon
multi-species herbivory, but the underlying mechanisms appear different between these species. |
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Keywords: | Food webs Indirect defense Methyl salicylate Terpenes Tritrophic interactions GC-MS Signal transduction |
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