Basic considerations on the design of oxygen probes for continuous measurements in steel melts

Review on general aspects of oxygen probes with solid reference materials for long-term measurements in steel melts. Discussion of polarization effects influencing the EMF at extended measuring intervals. Largely limited application of tubular solid electrolyte sensors in continuous oxygen monitoring. Development of improved plug-type sensors with optimized cell geometry, modified ceramic sleeves and reliable reference contact leads. Desciption of the test performance of these sensors under long-term operation up to two hours.