Immunological features of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) overlapping systemic sclerosis: a comparison with patients with PBC alone

Mutations within exons 16 and 17 of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene were the first known cause of familial Alzheimer's disease. These mutations are rare and have been reported in a handful of families exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance of Alzheimer's disease with age of onset around 50 years. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that each of these mutations alters proteolytic processing of APP, resulting in an increase in the production of A beta 42, a highly fibrillogenic peptide, that spontaneously aggregates and deposits in the brain. Transgenic mice carrying a mutant human APP gene also show age-dependent beta-amyloid (A beta) deposition in the brain. The rate of deposition in these mice can be modified by apolipoprotein E expression.