| Abstract: | The use of pre-treatment methods for the raw water used to produce pharmaceutical grade water is growing in popularity, especially when it results in better operating reliability and a longer operating lifetime of the downstream treatment plant and equipment. Andreas Müller and Thomas Menzel, Christ AG, Switzerland, discuss the background to pre-treatment, and explain when such systems are necessary and why membrane-based methods, and ultrafiltration in particular, can offer a number of advantages when it comes to the pre-treatment of raw water. |
