食品中展青霉素的产生机制及污染防控策略

展青霉素是由真菌产生的一种聚酮类次级代谢产物，是污染水果及其加工制品的最重要的真菌毒素之一。食品中污染的展青霉素主要由扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)产生。P.expansum是常见大宗和特色果品的主要采后病原菌，其在引起果实腐烂的同时产生大量的展青霉素，伴随鲜食流通和加工过程进入食物链，危害消费者的健康。展青霉素可侵害人和动物的多个器官，引起急性和慢性症状。由展青霉素污染引起的食品安全问题越来越得到重视，展青霉素的相关研究逐渐成为热点。对展青霉素的产生和调控机制研究进行了系统的总结，介绍了展青霉素生物合成基因簇的组成，生物合成途径中不同步骤的催化酶，展青霉素生物合成和中间产物转运的分子路径；从合成途径特异性调控因子，光、pH值、碳源、硫源等环境信号-全局性调控因子，以及参与组蛋白甲基化和乙酰化修饰的表观遗传因子等不同层次归纳了展青霉素生物合成的复杂调控网络。从源头防控和直接脱除2个方面阐述了食品中展青霉素污染的防控策略，分别概述了基于物理、化学和生物原理的主要防控技术，并讨论了不同防控策略的优缺点。最后，讨论了展青霉素产生机制研究与污染防控技术研发的关系，并指出绿...

Production Mechanisms and Control Strategies of Patulin in Food

Patulin, a polyketide secondary metabolite produced by fungi, is a major mycotoxin in fruits and their processed products. Penicillium expansum is the primary agent for patulin contamination in food. P. expansum infects most bulk and special fruits, causes serious postharvest decay, and simultaneously produce patulin. The circulation and processing of fresh fruits can introduce patulin into the food chain, which pose a potential threat to the health of consumers. Patulin may damage vital organs in both humans and animals and causes acute and chronic symptoms. The food safety issues caused by patulin contamination are attracting increasing attention, and patulin-related research has become a hot topic. The research advances in patulin biosynthesis and regulation mechanisms were comprehensively summarized. The gene cluster of patulin biosynthesis, catalytic enzymes in different steps of the biosynthetic pathway, and the molecular pathway of patulin biosynthesis and intermediate product transport were introduced. The complex regulatory network of patulin biosynthesis from the aspects of specific regulatory factor of biosynthetic pathway, global regulatory factors responding to environmental signals such as light, pH value, carbon source, and sulfur source, as well as epigenetic factors involved in histone methylation and acetylation modifications were described. The source control and removal strategies for patulin contamination in food were elaborated. The main control technologies based on physical, chemical, and biological principles were summarized, respectively, and the advantages and disadvantages of different control strategies were raised. Finally, the relationship between the research of patulin biosynthetic mechanisms and the development of contamination control technologies was discussed. The green and safe biological control methods as the promising technology was emphasized.