Role of optimization parameters in the production of nanoporous carbon from mandarin shells by microwave-assisted chemical activation and utilization as dye adsorbent

In this study, mandarin (Citrus reticulata) shells (MS) were used as a new precursor material for preparation of nanoporous carbon by chemical activation method with H₃PO₄ in the presence of microwave radiation. The obtained nanoporous carbon (MNC) was characterized using nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Boehm titration analysis. When using impregnation ratio of 2.0 at 500?°C for 1?h, specific surface area of prepared MNC reached the maximum value, which is 1021?m²/g. Pore properties of MNC were strongly influenced by impregnation ratio, activation temperature and activation time. For industrial and environmental applications, MNC was tested towards the removal of basic blue 9 (BB9) and acid yellow 36 (AY36) dyes in aqueous media and compared with other carbon adsorbents. The high sorption capacities were 294?mg/g for BB9 and 417?mg/g for AY36. The results indicate that MNC could be regard as a valuable adsorbent to treatment dye pollutants.