Two-phase lattice Boltzmann simulation of natural convection in a Cu-water nanofluid-filled porous cavity: Effects of thermal boundary conditions on heat transfer and entropy generation

The present work investigates the effect of four different thermal boundary conditions on natural convection in a fluid-saturated square porous cavity to make a judicious choice of optimal boundary condition on the basis of entropy generation, heat transfer and degree of temperature uniformity. Four different heating conditions- uniform, sinusoidal and two different linear temperature distributions are applied on the left vertical wall of the cavity respectively, while maintaining the right vertical wall uniformly cooled and the horizontal walls thermally insulated. The two-phase thermal lattice Boltzmann (TLBM) model for nanofluid is extended to simulate nanofluid flow through a porous medium by incorporating the Brinkman–Forchheimer-extended Darcy model. The close agreement between present LBM solutions with the existing published results lends validity to the present findings. The current results indicate that the uniform and bottom to top linear heating are found to be efficient heating strategies depending on Rayleigh number (10³?≤?Ra?≤?10⁵) and Darcy number (10^?1?≤?Da?≤?10^?6). It is observed that the nanofluid improves the energy efficiency by reducing the total entropy generation and enhancing the heat transfer rate although its augmentation depends on the optimal volume fraction of nanoparticles.