Sintering Behavior of Cadmium-Doped Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbZrO3–PbTiO3 Ceramics

Substituting Cd²⁺ ions into the A and B sites in a Pb(Ni_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃PbZrO₃PbTiO₃ (PNNPZPT) ternary perovskite material made it possible to determine the effects of the Cd²⁺ ion substitution site on sintering behavior. The substitution site of the Cd²⁺ ion was identified by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra. Although Cd²⁺ ions were substituted into the A and B sites in PNNPZPT, the Cd²⁺ ions preferred the A site over the B site. When Cd²⁺ ions replaced Pb²⁺ ions, a weight gain was observed during sintering. On the other hand, replacing Ni2 ions with Cd²⁺ ions promoted weight loss. Those weight changes indicated that Cd²⁺ ions change the bonding strength between the B-site cations and the oxygen of the octahedron in a perovskite structure. Density was influenced by the Cd²⁺ ion substitution site, and the A-site-doped compositions had higher densities than the B-site-doped compositions.