英国交通管理体制变革与运输政策实施

以伦敦、西约克郡、爱丁堡三个都市区的现行体制为例,探讨英国交通管理体制变革对运输政策实施效果的影响,研究什么样的交通体制结构能够为运输政策制定和实施提供更加有效的制度框架.英国近五十年来,从中央到地方的政府交通决策结构发生了重大变化,虽然有共同的战略目标,但各地运输政策责任主体的管理职责有很大差别,造成各地运输政策的制定和实施效果也存在较大差异.英国的经验表明:在行政层面,综合化的决策部门更有利于运输政策的统筹决策,各方关系的协调更加顺畅;而专业化的职能部门能使政策的执行更加有效.在权力分配方面,既要防止权力过分集中,造成机构臃肿和行政低效;又要防止权力过度分散,以免增加上层和同层间的协调难度.

Reform of Transport Management System and Implementation of Transport Policies in the United Kingdom

By discussing the current transport management system of the UK (taking London, West Yorkshire and Edinburgh as examples) and analyzing the effects of transport system reform on the policy implementation, this paper provides valuable references for China’s transport management system reform. The UK’s transport decision-making structure has been undergone a major change in the past five decades, from central government to local authorities. Owning to the variance of transport management authority’s responsibilities of different areas, the decision-making and implementation effects of transport policies are quite different. The UK’s experiences in-dicate that, on the executive level, an integrated decision-making department is beneficial for the overall transport planning, while setting up functional departments may help policy implementation more effective. With respect to transport management power distribution, the results conclude that it is necessary to prevent from immoderate centralization of power and decentralization of power, to prevent from both low executive efficiency and coordi-nation difficulties among different levels of management authorities.