Graphene-DNA hybrid materials: Assembly, applications, and prospects

Among the carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphene and nanodiamonds, graphene received recently widespread attention owing to its exceptional structural, electronic and mechanical properties and potential applications in various domains. However, all currently known forms of graphene materials are not well dispersible or soluble in most common solvents. This limitation deters to explore the chemistry of graphene at the molecular level and its nanobio device applications. One well known solution to this problem is the use of dispersing agents such as polymers, biopolymers, or surfactants in conjunction with the appropriate experimental conditions. Among the various biomolecules, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has emerged as an appealing biomacromolecule for functional materials due to its biocompatibility and renewability in addition to its very interesting double helix structure, which guarantees a range of unique properties that are difficult to detect in other molecules and polymers. Hence, the combination of graphene (a carbon-based nanomaterial), showing exceptional electronic properties, and DNA (a nanostructured biomolecule), having extraordinary recognition properties, demonstrates a new type of nanobio hybrid material. This, in turn, leads to a successful incorporation of the properties of the two different components in new hybrid materials that present important features for potential applications that range from advanced biomedical systems by means of very sensitive electrochemical sensors and biosensors to highly efficient electronics- and optics-based biochips. This article will focus on the recent advancement of the methods available for the chemical functionalization of graphene using DNA by different interactions (covalent or non-covalent and insertion of DNA through graphene nanopore or nanogap), various types of assemblies, and future prospects. Furthermore, the various potential applications of the resulting new nanobio hybrid materials are also highlighted.