Polymers used to influence cell fate in 3D geometry: New trends

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a hydrogel-like structure comprised of several different biopolymers, encompassing a wide range of biological, chemical, and mechanical properties. The composition, organization, and assembly of the ECM play a critical role in cell function. Cellular behavior is guided by interactions that occur between cells and their local microenvironment, and this interrelationship plays a significant role in determining physiological functions. Bioengineering approaches have been developed to mimic native tissue microenvironments by fabricating novel bioactive hydrogel scaffolds. This review explores material designs and fabrication approaches that are guiding the design of hydrogels as tissue engineered scaffolds. As the fundamental biology of the cellular microenvironment is often the inspiration for material design, the review focuses on modifications to control bioactive cues such as adhesion molecules and growth factors, and summarizes the current applications of biomimetic scaffolds that have been used in vitro as well as in vivo.